diff --git a/oauth2-authorization-server/src/main/java/org/springframework/security/oauth2/server/authorization/authentication/OAuth2DeviceCodeAuthenticationProvider.java b/oauth2-authorization-server/src/main/java/org/springframework/security/oauth2/server/authorization/authentication/OAuth2DeviceCodeAuthenticationProvider.java
index 115cbd5bb..c9b36b7c7 100644
--- a/oauth2-authorization-server/src/main/java/org/springframework/security/oauth2/server/authorization/authentication/OAuth2DeviceCodeAuthenticationProvider.java
+++ b/oauth2-authorization-server/src/main/java/org/springframework/security/oauth2/server/authorization/authentication/OAuth2DeviceCodeAuthenticationProvider.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2020-2024 the original author or authors.
+ * Copyright 2020-2025 the original author or authors.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -134,9 +134,30 @@ public Authentication authenticate(Authentication authentication) throws Authent
 			throw new OAuth2AuthenticationException(OAuth2ErrorCodes.INVALID_GRANT);
 		}
 
+		if (deviceCode.isInvalidated() && !userCode.isInvalidated()) {
+			throw new OAuth2AuthenticationException(OAuth2ErrorCodes.INVALID_GRANT);
+		}
+
 		// In https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8628.html#section-3.5,
 		// the following error codes are defined:
 
+		// expired_token
+		// The "device_code" has expired, and the device authorization
+		// session has concluded. The client MAY commence a new device
+		// authorization request but SHOULD wait for user interaction before
+		// restarting to avoid unnecessary polling.
+		if (deviceCode.isExpired()) {
+			// Invalidate the device code
+			authorization = OAuth2Authorization.from(authorization).invalidate(deviceCode.getToken()).build();
+			this.authorizationService.save(authorization);
+			if (this.logger.isWarnEnabled()) {
+				this.logger.warn(LogMessage.format("Invalidated device code used by registered client '%s'",
+						authorization.getRegisteredClientId()));
+			}
+			OAuth2Error error = new OAuth2Error(EXPIRED_TOKEN, null, DEVICE_ERROR_URI);
+			throw new OAuth2AuthenticationException(error);
+		}
+
 		// authorization_pending
 		// The authorization request is still pending as the end user hasn't
 		// yet completed the user-interaction steps (Section 3.3). The
@@ -165,23 +186,6 @@ public Authentication authenticate(Authentication authentication) throws Authent
 			throw new OAuth2AuthenticationException(error);
 		}
 
-		// expired_token
-		// The "device_code" has expired, and the device authorization
-		// session has concluded. The client MAY commence a new device
-		// authorization request but SHOULD wait for user interaction before
-		// restarting to avoid unnecessary polling.
-		if (deviceCode.isExpired()) {
-			// Invalidate the device code
-			authorization = OAuth2Authorization.from(authorization).invalidate(deviceCode.getToken()).build();
-			this.authorizationService.save(authorization);
-			if (this.logger.isWarnEnabled()) {
-				this.logger.warn(LogMessage.format("Invalidated device code used by registered client '%s'",
-						authorization.getRegisteredClientId()));
-			}
-			OAuth2Error error = new OAuth2Error(EXPIRED_TOKEN, null, DEVICE_ERROR_URI);
-			throw new OAuth2AuthenticationException(error);
-		}
-
 		if (this.logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
 			this.logger.trace("Validated device token request parameters");
 		}
diff --git a/oauth2-authorization-server/src/test/java/org/springframework/security/oauth2/server/authorization/authentication/OAuth2DeviceCodeAuthenticationProviderTests.java b/oauth2-authorization-server/src/test/java/org/springframework/security/oauth2/server/authorization/authentication/OAuth2DeviceCodeAuthenticationProviderTests.java
index 0c37bb16f..0a457ad8b 100644
--- a/oauth2-authorization-server/src/test/java/org/springframework/security/oauth2/server/authorization/authentication/OAuth2DeviceCodeAuthenticationProviderTests.java
+++ b/oauth2-authorization-server/src/test/java/org/springframework/security/oauth2/server/authorization/authentication/OAuth2DeviceCodeAuthenticationProviderTests.java
@@ -191,6 +191,7 @@ public void authenticateWhenUserCodeIsNotInvalidatedThenThrowOAuth2Authenticatio
 		RegisteredClient registeredClient = TestRegisteredClients.registeredClient().build();
 		Authentication authentication = createAuthentication(registeredClient);
 		OAuth2Authorization authorization = TestOAuth2Authorizations.authorization(registeredClient)
+			.token(createDeviceCode())
 			.token(createUserCode())
 			.build();
 		given(this.authorizationService.findByToken(anyString(), any(OAuth2TokenType.class))).willReturn(authorization);
@@ -209,7 +210,7 @@ public void authenticateWhenUserCodeIsNotInvalidatedThenThrowOAuth2Authenticatio
 	}
 
 	@Test
-	public void authenticateWhenDeviceCodeIsInvalidatedThenThrowOAuth2AuthenticationException() {
+	public void authenticateWhenDeviceCodeAndUserCodeAreInvalidatedThenThrowOAuth2AuthenticationException() {
 		RegisteredClient registeredClient = TestRegisteredClients.registeredClient().build();
 		Authentication authentication = createAuthentication(registeredClient);
 		OAuth2Authorization authorization = TestOAuth2Authorizations.authorization(registeredClient)
@@ -231,13 +232,36 @@ public void authenticateWhenDeviceCodeIsInvalidatedThenThrowOAuth2Authentication
 		verifyNoInteractions(this.tokenGenerator);
 	}
 
+	@Test
+	public void authenticateWhenDeviceCodeIsInvalidatedThenThrowOAuth2AuthenticationException() {
+		RegisteredClient registeredClient = TestRegisteredClients.registeredClient().build();
+		Authentication authentication = createAuthentication(registeredClient);
+		OAuth2Authorization authorization = TestOAuth2Authorizations.authorization(registeredClient)
+			.token(createDeviceCode(), withInvalidated())
+			.token(createUserCode())
+			.build();
+		given(this.authorizationService.findByToken(anyString(), any(OAuth2TokenType.class))).willReturn(authorization);
+		// @formatter:off
+		assertThatExceptionOfType(OAuth2AuthenticationException.class)
+				.isThrownBy(() -> this.authenticationProvider.authenticate(authentication))
+				.extracting(OAuth2AuthenticationException::getError)
+				.extracting(OAuth2Error::getErrorCode)
+				.isEqualTo(OAuth2ErrorCodes.INVALID_GRANT);
+		// @formatter:on
+
+		verify(this.authorizationService).findByToken(DEVICE_CODE,
+				OAuth2DeviceCodeAuthenticationProvider.DEVICE_CODE_TOKEN_TYPE);
+		verifyNoMoreInteractions(this.authorizationService);
+		verifyNoInteractions(this.tokenGenerator);
+	}
+
 	@Test
 	public void authenticateWhenDeviceCodeIsExpiredThenThrowOAuth2AuthenticationException() {
 		RegisteredClient registeredClient = TestRegisteredClients.registeredClient().build();
 		Authentication authentication = createAuthentication(registeredClient);
 		OAuth2Authorization authorization = TestOAuth2Authorizations.authorization(registeredClient)
 			.token(createExpiredDeviceCode())
-			.token(createUserCode(), withInvalidated())
+			.token(createUserCode())
 			.build();
 		given(this.authorizationService.findByToken(anyString(), any(OAuth2TokenType.class))).willReturn(authorization);
 		// @formatter:off